Chess Basics

History

Chess has a universal appeal stretching for a span of 1400 years. It is believed that chess had originated in India and from there traveled to China and also through Arab world to Europe.
There are historical references that in India chess was used as a tool to teach military strategy to Indian princes. That is probably how chess acquired its nickname: the Royal Game. 

Rules

Chess is a  game for two players. It is played on an 8x8 checkered board, with a dark square in each player's lower left corner. Each player controls its own army of pieces (chessmen). The player who controls White pieces moves first. The goal in the chess game is to capture the opponent's king. This capture is called 'checkmate'. Checkmate happens once the king is under attack, cannot move and cannot be helped by its own army of chessmen.

When you are in the playing area or in the database searching area, you can move chess pieces on the chessboard.  To move a piece on the board, a player clicks on it, drags it to its destination square, and releases the mouse.

 

 

The player with White pieces starts first, chooses his/her chess piece and moves it according to rules for this type of the piece. After each move, the players take turns.

Capturing Opponent's Chess Pieces

None of the chess pieces may move to a square occupied by another chess piece of the same color. However, a piece may move onto a square occupied by an opponent's piece.  When this occurs, the opponent's piece is 'captured' and is permanently removed from the chessboard. The attacking piece is moved to the square of the former captured piece.

If it's White's turn to move,  the following captures are possible in the diagram on the left: White rook can capture the Black's bishop White pawn can capture the Black's bishop (pawns move forward, but capture sideways -- 1 square diagonally forward) White knight can capture the Black's queen If it's Black's turn to move,  the following captures are possible in the diagram on the left: Black queen can capture the White's rook Black queen can capture the White's pawn Black pawn can capture the White's knight (pawns move forward, but capture sideways -- 1 square diagonally forward)

En-Passant Rule

Before En-passant After En-passant

The Pawn can capture an opponent's pawn 'in passing' or 'en-passant' (since the French expression is commonly used here). For the en-passant rule to apply, the following two conditions have to be met: The previous opponent's move had to be made with a pawn that advanced 2 squares from its starting square The pawn making an en-passant move could have captured an opponent's pawn if it had only advanced just 1 square instead of 2. In the diagram on the left, en-passant move applies after White pawn moves from a2 to a4. The Black pawn captures the White Pawn on the a3 square.

Castling

Pre-castling position. Castling is possible in two directions: left (long castle) and right (short castle)   After castling left (long castle):   After castling right (short castle):

Once in a game each player can make a special 'castling' move. During this 1 move, both the king and one of its rooks are moved. Castling starts by moving the king 2 squares as indicated by arrows. At hessLab, if the castling is legal, the corresponding rook move would occur automatically. For castling to be legal, the following four conditions have to be met: all squares between the king and the rook have to be empty the king cannot be under check the king and the rook involved could not have moved previously all squares through which the king is passing during castling cannot be under attack of the enemy pieces.

  Promotion Rule

When a White pawn advances to the last 7-th "rank," or horizontal row of squares, or when the Black pawn advances to its last 1-st rank, it is promoted into its owner's choice of a knight, bishop, rook, or queen (it may not become a king). The usual choice for promotion is a queen, the most powerful piece. It is legal for a player to have several queens on the board at the same time. Occasionally, it is better to promote to a knight (to fork two pieces or avoid stalemate--draw) or a bishop or rook (to avoid stalemate-draw). At GameColony.com, when a pawn reaches the eighth rank, a window will pop up asking the pawn's owner to choose which piece to promote to.
 

Check and Checkmate  

Check and Checkmate example: White king above is under check (attacked by a Black bishop). White king is also checkmated -- no place to turn to and nothing to protect with...

The goal in chess is to capture (or checkmate) the opponent's king. That is why all players have to protect their kings. If an opponent's piece is threatening to capture the king, the king is said to be 'in check'.  It is illegal to move the king onto a square where it would be under attack (in check). If the king is in check, the king's owner must do something to protect the king right away. To protect the king, the player may try the following three defenses: move the king to a square where the king is not threatened block the line of attack (if the attack is not by a knight or a pawn) capture the opponent's piece that is attacking the king If none of the the above 3 defenses work, the king is not just 'under check' -- such king is said to be checkmated. With checkmate, the game is over. The side whose king is checkmated

 Stalemate & Other Draws

• If in the position above it is White's turn to move, it is stalemate - draw.  there are no legal moves left for the White king -- all adjacent squares are under attack. Although the White king has no place to go, it is not under attack and, therefore, not checkmated. This type of a draw is called a stalemate. Nobody wins.

• A draw will also will occur  if a position is repeated three times (not necessarily consecutively) when it the same player's turn to move, the game is a draw.
• A draw through insufficient mating material: If neither player has enough pieces ever to be able to checkmate the other, the game is a draw. This would be true, for example, if only the two kings were left on the board, or if one player had only a king and a knight and the other only a king. A king and pawn, however, are enough to win provided the pawn can be promoted.

• The 50-move rule: If each player makes 50 moves without a piece being captured or a pawn being moved, the game is a draw. (Exceptions to this rule have been added over the years to allow players more moves in which to win in certain positions, but it's safe for most players to remain ignorant of these very rare situations.)

• Draw by Agreement: Players may agree to a draw at any time. At GameColony.com a player may offer a draw at any time by clicking on the "Draw" button.
  

  Time Control

The players can elect to use time control to limit the time spent on a game. At GameColony.com, time control can be adjusted via 'Options' button. If there is no checkmate on the board, the player whose time expires first loses, unless there is a draw via stalemate, insufficient mating material, etc.

Resignation

Rather than wait for a checkmate or a loss due to expiration of time, the player may choose to resign the game. For this purpose, at GameColony.com 'Resign' button can be selected.

PIECES

The King

The king can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow in the diagram on the left. The king is the main chess piece. The side whose king is captured loses. This capture is called 'checkmate'. Checkmate happens once the king is under attack, cannot move and cannot be helped by its own army of chessmen. To underscore the highest value of the King relative to other pieces in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the king was assigned a value of 200 points.

The Queen

The Queen can move any number of squares diagonally and also in horizontal and vertical directions. The Queen, however, cannot jump over any pieces. The diagram on the left illustrates that the Queen can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow and also to any of the squares marked with red dots. To underscore the high value of the Queen relative to other chess pieces in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the Queen was assigned a value of 9 points.

The Rook

The Rook can move any number of squares in horizontal and vertical directions. The Rook, however, cannot jump over any pieces. The diagram on the left illustrates that the Rook can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow and also to a square marked with a red dot. To underscore the value of the Rook in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the Rook was assigned a value of 5 points.

The Bishop

The Bishop can move any number of squares diagonally only. The Bishop, however, cannot jump over any pieces. The diagram on the left illustrates that the Bishop can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow. To underscore the value of the Bishop relative to other chess pieces in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the Bishop was assigned a value of 3 points.

The Knight

The Knight can move from one corner to the other of any 2x3 rectangle of squares. The Knight is also the only piece that can jump over any other chess pieces. The diagram on the left illustrates that the Knight  can move to any of the squares pointed to by a red dot. To underscore the value of the Knight relative to other chess pieces in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the Knight was assigned a value of 3 points.

The Pawn

The Pawn can move from straight ahead only. From its starting square, the pawn can move  or 2 squares straight ahead. If the pawn is not on its starting square, it can only move 1 square straight ahead. The diagram on the left illustrates that the pawn can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow and a red dot. Although pawns move only forward, they capture only sideways 1 square diagonally forward To underscore the value of the Pawn relative to other chess pieces in a chess game, in early computer chess programs, the Pawn was assigned a value of 1 point.

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